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According to the stem cell hypothesis of ageing, the ageing process is caused by various types of stem cells' failure to continue replenishing an organism's tissues with functional differentiated cells capable of preserving the tissue's original function. Regardless of the age of the system, damage and mistake accumulation in genetic material is always a concern. Young people have a considerably larger amount of stem cells than older people, resulting in a better and more effective replacement process in the young. As a result, ageing is not a result of increased damage, but rather of a failure to replace it owing to a reduction in stem cell numbers.
Bio banking is the collection of body fluid or tissue samples for research purposes in order to increase our understanding of health and illness. Bio banks have become a valuable resource in medical research, enabling various sorts of cutting-edge studies such as genomics and customised therapy. Blood, urine, skin cells, organ tissue, and other materials are among the specimens kept in a bio bank. The use of MRI to identify which precise regions of tissue should be collected is becoming increasingly common as methods for obtaining tissue specimens become more focused.
The study of chemical processes within and related to living beings are known as biochemistry. Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids are examples of biological macromolecules whose structures, functions, and interactions are studied. Structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism are the three areas that make up metabolic biology. They give cells their structure and execute many of the activities that make life possible. The chemistry of the cell is also influenced by small molecule and ion processes. These might be either inorganic or organic in nature.
Structural biology is the study of biological macromolecules' molecular structure and dynamics, notably proteins and nucleic acids, and how structural changes impact their function. The principles of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics are all included into structural biology. The study of physical events and processes in living things on sizes ranging from molecules to cells, tissues, and organisms is known as biophysics. Biophysicists study biological systems using physics ideas and methodologies. It is a multidisciplinary field that is closely linked to quantitative and systems biology.
The study of cell structure and function is known as cell biology, and it is based on the idea that the cell is the most basic unit of life. It focuses on gaining a better knowledge of the tissues and organisms that are made up of cells. Some creatures have only one cell, whereas others have large cooperating groups of cells. Cell biology is concerned with everything from the most basic characteristics shared by all cells to the unique, extremely complex activities performed by specialised cells.
Stem cell research is a fascinating, yet tumultuous, field of study. This field has the potential to transform human illness therapy. The development of stem cell technologies for the treatment of different human diseases, with an emphasis on nuclear and somatic cell genetic reprogramming, tissue engineering and stem cell mechanics, and lastly, the creation of stem cell technologies for the treatment of various human diseases. Scientists have discovered that DNA exchange alters physical expression in recent Molecular Biology research. The difference between meshed toes and separate digits might be the result of not just genetic information but also how genes govern it. According to studies, a little, generic twist in a mammal's DNA might potentially root a unique and extraordinary physical change. The approach that created dolly was used to create beginning monkey clones in a separate Molecular Biology study.
The field of biology concerned with the molecular foundation of biological activity in and between cells, including molecular synthesis, modification, processes, and interactions is known as molecular biology. Molecular biology is also useful in determining the forms, activities, and controls of diverse sections of cells, which may be utilised to more effectively target novel medicines, detect disease, and comprehend cell physiology.        
Molecular genetics is the study of macromolecules that have a role in biological heredity. Genetics is the study of heredity and genes in particular. Individual genes or sets of genes are implicated in health and sickness, according to genetic research. Genetic engineering has been used in medicine to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, follistim, human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccinations, and a variety of other medicines, as well as to detect and cure inherited human diseases. Organisms are genetically altered in study to learn more about the activities of certain genes.
Next generation sequencing (NGS), is a massively parallel sequencing technique that provides ultra-high throughput, scalability and speed. The technique is used to identify the nucleotide order of whole genomes or specific DNA or RNA sections. NGS has transformed biology, allowing laboratories to undertake a wide range of applications and investigate biological systems at a level never previously conceivable. It allows scientists to sequence hundreds to tens of thousands of genomes in a single year or examine the whole human genome in a single sequencing run.
Therapeutic genes are delivered into any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferentiated stem cell in somatic cell gene therapy. Such changes solely impact the individual sick and are not passed on to descendants. The insertion of functional genes into the genomes of germ cells is used in germline gene therapy. When a germ cell is changed, the modified gene is found in all of the organism's cells. As a result, the alteration is heritable and may be handed down to future generations.
Toxicogenomics is a scientific tool that involves gathering, interpreting, and archiving data on gene expression and related protein activity in specific cells or tissues of an organism in response to hazardous chemicals. The study of how genes influence a person's medication reaction is known as pharmacogenomics. This relatively new discipline combines pharmacology (drug science) with genomics (the study of genes and their activities) to create effective, safe medicines and dosages that are customised to a person's genetic makeup. The field of pharmacogenomics falls under the category of precision medicine which aims to treat each patient individually.
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